🧬 Aging Wiki

R9

15 min read

log/R9.md — Round 9 entries

Sub-file of log — see parent for index.

[2026-05-04] verify | negligible-senescence

  • verified: hypotheses/negligible-senescence.md (Mode A evidence-aggregating synthesis MOC)
  • primary sources checked against local PDFs:
    • Ruby 2018 (10.7554/elife.31157) — n=3,299 analytical population confirmed; 4 sub-populations (male/female × breeder/non-breeder, Fig. 3) confirmed; non-increasing hazard confirmed
    • Ruby 2023 (10.7554/elife.88057) — n=6,893 of 7,536 catalogued confirmed; eLife assessment “incomplete” younger / “inadequate” older confirmed
    • del Marmol et al. 2021 (10.1038/s41598-021-86967-9) — NMR HA max ~2.5 MDa confirmed; no ultra-HMW HA (≥4 MDa) confirmed; Alcian Blue non-specificity confirmed; first author del Marmol D (not Takasugi)
    • Dammann et al. 2019 (10.7554/eLife.45415) — newly downloaded; 87% animals ≤8 years observation confirmed; left-censoring bias argument confirmed
    • Ruby 2019 response (10.7554/eLife.47047) — newly downloaded; left-censorship at Jan 1 2008 producing statistically indistinguishable hazard confirmed; 51.9% final survival confirmed
  • corrections made (5):
    • Body text “Takasugi/Del Marmol et al.” → “del Marmol et al.” — no author named Takasugi on this paper
    • del Marmol 2021 finding sharpened: “no ultra-HMW HA (≥4 MDa)” added alongside the “~2.5 MDa maximum” figure
    • Dammann 2019 body description enriched with actual argument (87% animals ≤8 years; left-censoring bias)
    • Ruby 2019 response footnote enriched with left-censored result (51.9% final survival) and statistical indistinguishability conclusion
    • Dammann 2019 and Ruby 2019 response archive status updated from “pending” to “local PDF available”
  • unverifiable:
    • Buffenstein 2008 (10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5) — not_oa; no-fulltext-access; proteasome claim unchecked
    • Finch 1990 book — no DOI; definitional claim accepted from secondary sources
  • downstream propagation needed: heterocephalus-glaber.md uses “Takasugi 2021” as shorthand for del Marmol et al. 2021 — main agent should check and correct attribution there

[2026-05-04] verify | hyperfunction-theory

  • verified: hypotheses/hyperfunction-theory.md (Mode A evidence-aggregating synthesis MOC)
  • verification type: synthesis-MOC pass — no primary PDFs read; all claims cross-checked against verified atomic pages + Willcox 2008 PDF (locally available, confirmed content)
  • corrections made (5):
    1. S6K1 KO lifespan body claim: “female-specific ~9% extension” → qualified as “statistically significant, exact % unverifiable (Selman 2009 closed-access; abstract ~9% but GenAge records 19%)” with no-fulltext-access
    2. Selman 2009 footnote: ”~+9% median lifespan extension … numerics via PubMed metadata” → “statistically significant female lifespan extension (log-rank χ²=11.07, p<0.001, n=29 KO + 23 WT); exact % not confirmed — closed-access; abstract-derived ~9% but GenAge records 19%” with no-fulltext-access
    3. Cross-organism table S6K1 row: ”~+9% (females)” → “sig. extension (females; % unverifiable — Selman 2009 closed-access)” with no-fulltext-access
    4. Cross-organism table sgk1 label: “verified-partial” → “verified” (sgk1.md has verified: true)
    5. Willcox 2008 footnote: “nested case-control of 3,741 Okinawan Japanese-American men” → “nested case-control within the HHP/HAAS cohort of Japanese-American men, Honolulu, Oahu” — “Okinawan” was incorrect; confirmed against local PDF (n=615, male-only, Honolulu Heart Program / HAAS)
    6. Willcox 2008 body claim: “Hawaiian Japanese cohort” → “Japanese-American men, HHP/HAAS cohort, Honolulu; male-only cohort”
    7. sgk1/daf-2 inline labels corrected from “(verified-partial)” to “(verified)” per current atomic page status
    8. Banner removed; verified flag flipped
  • Blagosklonny founding-paper DOIs resolved via Crossref (no body corrections needed — papers not directly footnoted in page):
    • 2006 Cell Cycle: correct DOI 10.4161/cc.5.18.3288 (seeder had used wrong DOI 10.1007/s10522-006-9008-y); archive status: hybrid OA, no download candidate URLs found
    • 2007 Drug Discovery Today: correct DOI 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.01.004 (seeder had used wrong DOI 10.4161/cc.6.23.5053, which does not exist in Crossref); archive status: not_oa
  • unverifiable claims (retained with existing gap tags):
    • Coschigano 2003 (GHR-/- lifespan ~40–55%): closed-access, not_oa — retained with no-fulltext-access
    • Guevara-Aguirre 2011 (Laron Ecuador cohort): download failed — retained with no-fulltext-access
    • Selman 2009 (S6K1 KO lifespan %): closed-access, not_oa — now explicitly flagged in claim
    • Lamming 2012 / Taguchi 2007 / Arriola Apelo 2016 mTORC2 claims: already tagged with appropriate gap markers on atomic pages
  • downstream propagation: none required — this is a synthesis MOC; corrections are local (inline labels and footnotes only); no atomic-page quantitative claims were changed

[2026-05-04] verify | free-radical-theory-of-aging

  • verified: hypotheses/free-radical-theory-of-aging.md (Mode A evidence-aggregating synthesis MOC)
  • primary sources checked:
    • Schriner 2005 (10.1126/science.1106653) — not_oa; abstract confirmed via PubMed efetch (PMID 15879174) and Crossref; n per group unconfirmed
    • Bjelakovic 2007 (10.1001/jama.297.8.842) — not_oa; abstract confirmed via PubMed efetch (PMID 17327526); trial-level data unconfirmed
  • atomic page wikilinks confirmed: heterocephalus-glaber (verified full), mus-musculus (verified full), pathways/sirtuin (verified-partial), processes/mitophagy (verified-partial), molecules/proteins/sirt1 (verified)
  • corrections (2 numeric + 1 strain precision):
    • Schriner 2005 median lifespan: “~4–5 months (roughly 17–20%)” → “5 months median (roughly 17–21%)” with maximum 5.5 months added; applied in body × 3 locations and footnote
    • Schriner 2005 strain: “C57BL/6” → “C57BL/6J” (precision; from Cutler 2005 commentary)
    • Bjelakovic 2007 RCT count: “67 RCTs” → “68 randomized trials, 232,606 participants”; risk ratios for individual antioxidants added to footnote
  • banner updated from ⚠️ auto-extracted to verified notice
  • gaps updated: no-fulltext-access notes for both papers updated to reflect abstract-level confirmation
  • downstream propagation: no other wiki pages directly cite this hypothesis page as a primary source; no corrections propagate to atomic pages

[2026-05-04] verify | disposable-soma-theory

  • verified: hypotheses/disposable-soma-theory.md
  • sources checked against local PDFs:
    • Kirkwood & Austad 2000 (10.1038/35041682) — cross-species framing, CR-fertility trade-off, eusocial queen longevity discussion all confirmed; no quantitative claims transposed
    • Ruby 2018 (10.7554/elife.31157) — n=3,299 confirmed; breeder vs non-breeder ~5–10× lower mortal hazard confirmed against Figure 3C and p.7 text; paper’s primary frame is non-Gompertzian hazard, breeder comparison is secondary result
  • corrections made (1):
    • “disaggregated life-history records by caste” → “disaggregated life-history records by breeding status (breeders vs non-breeders, across both sexes)”; added “(Figure 3C)” citation pointer; Ruby 2018’s own terminology is “breeding status” not “caste”
  • unverifiable (closed-access, not_oa):
    • Kirkwood 1977, Kirkwood & Holliday 1979, Williams 1957, Shanley & Kirkwood 2000 — all carry no-fulltext-access; no quantitative outputs cited from these
    • Kirkwood 2005 — download pending; Blagosklonny 2010, Kowald 2015 — download status unconfirmed
  • NMR queen paradox: honestly and prominently featured as the sharpest empirical challenge; framing confirmed accurate
  • downstream propagation: none required — this is a conceptual-frame (Mode B) page; no numeric corrections that would propagate to atomic pages

[2026-05-04] ingest | round-9-hypotheses | disposable-soma-theory

disposable-soma-theory

  • added: hypotheses/disposable-soma-theory.md
  • entity type: hypothesis (Mode B — conceptual-frame)
  • treatment-mode: conceptual-frame; status: active-frame
  • proposed-by: Thomas B. L. Kirkwood; proposed-year: 1977
  • DOIs cited (9 footnotes):
    • 10.1038/270301a0 (Kirkwood 1977 “Evolution of ageing”, Nature) — confirmed in archive, not_oa; 1,867 citations, citation_percentile 100 · no-fulltext-access
    • 10.1098/rspb.1979.0083 (Kirkwood & Holliday 1979 “The evolution of ageing and longevity”, Proc R Soc B) — confirmed in archive, not_oa; 892 citations · no-fulltext-access
    • 10.1038/35041682 (Kirkwood & Austad 2000 “Why do we age?”, Nature) — confirmed in archive, local PDF available at ; 1,744 citations
    • 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.027 (Kirkwood 2005 “Understanding the Odd Science of Aging”, Cell) — confirmed in archive, bronze OA, download pending; 1,946 citations · no-fulltext-access (pending)
    • 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02911.x (Williams 1957 “Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence”, Evolution) — confirmed in archive, not_oa; 4,226 citations · no-fulltext-access
    • 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00076.x (Shanley & Kirkwood 2000 “Calorie restriction and aging: a life-history analysis”, Evolution) — confirmed in archive, not_oa; 322 citations · no-fulltext-access
    • 10.7554/elife.31157 (Ruby 2018 NMR lifespan — already verified on heterocephalus-glaber page; local PDF available) — cited as pointer to that page
    • 10.18632/aging.100253 (Blagosklonny 2010 critique, Aging) — confirmed in archive, hybrid OA, download pending
    • 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.006 (Kowald & Kirkwood 2015, Exp Gerontol) — confirmed in archive; 42 citations
  • implicit stubs created (new wikilinks to non-existent pages):
    • [[hypotheses/negligible-senescence]] — referenced; drafted in this round (same batch)
    • [[hypotheses/hyperfunction-theory]] — referenced; drafted in this round (same batch)
    • [[hypotheses/information-theory-of-aging]] — referenced; drafted in this round (same batch)
  • existing atomic pages linked (all confirmed to exist):
    • [[caloric-restriction]] (verified-partial), [[caenorhabditis-elegans]] (verified-partial), [[heterocephalus-glaber]] (verified), [[homo-sapiens]] (verified-partial), [[insulin-igf1]] (verified), [[mtor]], [[ampk]]
    • hallmarks: [[deregulated-nutrient-sensing]], [[genomic-instability]], [[stem-cell-exhaustion]], [[epigenetic-alterations]]
    • [[hypotheses/free-radical-theory-of-aging]] (existing)
  • gaps surfaced:
    • #gap/no-fulltext-access — Kirkwood 1977, Kirkwood & Holliday 1979, Williams 1957, Shanley & Kirkwood 2000 (all not_oa); Kirkwood 2005 (download pending)
    • #gap/unsourced — semelparity discussion not anchored to dedicated page; comparative longevity/extrinsic-hazard macroecological claim not backed by specific cited study; ITP rapamycin late-life trade-off deferred to mtor page
    • #gap/contradictory-evidence — NMR queen paradox (breeders outlive non-breeders); sex-difference longevity not cleanly explained
    • #gap/needs-replication — NMR breeder lifespan advantage is single-lab
    • #gap/stub — semelparity model-organism page does not exist
  • schema notes: related-hypotheses field used in frontmatter (not explicitly in CLAUDE.md type:hypothesis schema, but consistent with existing free-radical-theory page — no structural escalation needed)
  • ROADMAP updated: [[disposable-soma-theory]] marked drafted 2026-05-04
  • verification priority for wiki-verifier:
    1. Kirkwood & Austad 2000 (10.1038/35041682) — local PDF available; verify comparative longevity/extrinsic-hazard framing matches paper’s actual argument; confirm no quantitative species claims transposed
    2. Kirkwood 1977 (10.1038/270301a0) — foundational; not_oa; no quantitative claims asserted beyond theoretical framing; low risk unless access obtained
    3. Kirkwood & Holliday 1979 (10.1098/rspb.1979.0083) — formal mathematical model; not_oa; no quantitative outputs cited on page; low risk

[2026-05-04] ingest | round-9-hypotheses | negligible-senescence

negligible-senescence

  • added: hypotheses/negligible-senescence.md
  • entity type: hypothesis (Mode A — evidence-aggregating)
  • status assigned: contested — Ruby 2018+2023 NMR mortality data is the primary empirical case; Dammann 2019 rebuttal + eLife peer-assessment incomplete-evidence caveat + Takasugi 2021 mechanism dispute collectively prevent “active” assignment
  • atomic pages drawn on: heterocephalus-glaber (verified-partial, primary evidence source — Ruby 2018, Ruby 2023, Tian 2013, Takasugi 2021, Seluanov 2009, Tian 2015 all live there); mus-musculus (verified, full — Gompertz contrast); nothobranchius-furzeri (verified-partial — extreme-short-lived contrast)
  • primary DOIs cited (9 footnotes): Ruby 2018 (10.7554/elife.31157, local PDF); Ruby 2023 (10.7554/elife.88057, local PDF); Takasugi 2021 (10.1038/s41598-021-86967-9, local PDF); Tian 2013 (10.1038/nature12234, local PDF); Seluanov 2009 (10.1073/pnas.0905252106, local PDF); Tian 2015 (10.1073/pnas.1418203112, local PDF); Dammann 2019 (10.7554/eLife.45415, archive status: pending — PDF not local); Ruby 2019 response (10.7554/eLife.47047, archive status: pending — PDF not local); Buffenstein 2008 review (10.1007/s00360-007-0237-5, not_oa — no-fulltext-access). Finch 1990 cited as book (no DOI).
  • implicit stubs created: information-theory-of-aging (already tracked ROADMAP R9), disposable-soma-theory (already tracked ROADMAP R9), cancer-resistance (referenced in heterocephalus-glaber.md; not yet a standalone page), mitochondrial-dysfunction (stub), cellular-senescence (referenced), genomic-instability (referenced)
  • gaps surfaced: candidate negligibly-senescent species (ocean quahog, Greenland shark, Galápagos tortoise, rougheye rockfish, Hydra spp.) flagged unsourced — no atomic pages; Buffenstein 2008 proteasome-activity claim flagged no-fulltext-access; no molecular mechanism linking NMR adaptations to the demographic mortality flatness flagged no-mechanism; NMR epigenetic clock not characterized flagged unsourced; Dammann 2019 + Ruby 2019 response PDFs pending (not yet in archive)
  • ROADMAP: Round 9 negligible-senescence entry updated to [x] (drafted)

[2026-05-04] ingest | round-9-hypotheses | information-theory-of-aging

information-theory-of-aging

[2026-05-04] ingest | round-9-hypotheses

hyperfunction-theory

  • added: hypotheses/hyperfunction-theory.md
  • entity type: hypothesis (Mode A — evidence-aggregating)
  • status assigned: active — most empirically supported aging hypothesis; rapamycin/IIS lifespan data most consistent prediction track record across organisms
  • atomic pages drawn on: mtor (verified-partial), rapamycin (verified-partial), insulin-igf1 (verified-partial), igf1r (verified-partial), s6k1 (verified-partial), sgk1 (verified-partial), pten (verified-partial), growth-hormone (verified-partial), daf-2 (verified-partial), foxo3 (verified-partial), caloric-restriction (verified-partial), ampk (verified), igf-1 (verified-partial), homo-sapiens (verified-partial), 4ebp1 (verified-partial), irs2 (drafted)
  • primary DOIs cited (12 footnotes): Harrison 2009 (10.1038/nature08221, local); Miller 2014 (10.1111/acel.12194, local); Selman 2009 (10.1126/science.1177221, not_oa); Holzenberger 2003 (10.1038/nature01298, local); Ortega-Molina 2012 (10.1016/j.cmet.2012.02.001, local); Hertweck 2004 (10.1016/s1534-5807(04)00095-4, local); Kenyon 1993 (10.1038/366461a0, not_oa); Coschigano 2003 (10.1210/en.2003-0247, not_oa no-fulltext-access); Guevara-Aguirre 2011 (10.1126/scitranslmed.3001845, failed no-fulltext-access); Martin-Montalvo 2013 (10.1038/ncomms3192, local); Willcox 2008 (10.1073/pnas.0801030105, local); Suh 2008 (10.1073/pnas.0705467105, local); PEARL 2025 (10.18632/aging.206235, local)
  • implicit stubs created: free-radical-theory-of-aging (already tracked in ROADMAP), information-theory-of-aging (already tracked), disposable-soma-theory (already tracked), antagonistic-pleiotropy (new implicit stub — not previously in ROADMAP), caenorhabditis-elegans (already exists), 4ebp1 (already exists)
  • gaps surfaced: Blagosklonny 2006/2008 original papers not found in archive (DOIs 10.1007/s10522-006-9008-y and 10.4161/cc.6.23.5053 returned “DOI not found”) — unsourced for the original hypothesis formulation; Coschigano 2003 closed-access (#gap/no-fulltext-access); Guevara-Aguirre 2011 download-failed (#gap/no-fulltext-access); mTORC2-sparing compounds not yet in wiki; PEARL-Extend / TAME / Dog Aging Project pages not yet seeded
  • ROADMAP: Round 9 Hypotheses entry updated to [x] (drafted)

free-radical-theory-of-aging

  • added: hypotheses/free-radical-theory-of-aging.md
  • entity type: hypothesis (Mode A — evidence-aggregating)
  • status assigned: superseded (primary causation); partial contributor retained
  • atomic pages drawn on: heterocephalus-glaber (verified-partial), mus-musculus (verified), sirtuin (verified-partial), sirt1 (verified), mitophagy (verified-partial), caenorhabditis-elegans (verified-partial), mitochondrial-dysfunction (stub)
  • primary DOIs cited: Schriner 2005 (10.1126/science.1106653) + Bjelakovic 2007 (10.1001/jama.297.8.842); both closed-access in archive — flagged no-fulltext-access. Harman 1956 not in archive — flagged unsourced.
  • implicit stubs created: mitohormesis, hyperfunction-theory, information-theory-of-aging, negligible-senescence (already tracked in ROADMAP)
  • gaps surfaced: SOD2 KO study page missing (#gap/unsourced); ITP antioxidant compound pages missing (#gap/unsourced); mitohormesis study pages missing (#gap/unsourced); mCAT single-study replication outstanding (#gap/needs-replication); mCAT + Bjelakovic PDFs not_oa (#gap/no-fulltext-access); mitohormesis ROS threshold not established (#gap/no-mechanism)
  • ROADMAP: Round 9 entry updated to [x] (drafted)

[2026-05-04] verify | hypotheses/information-theory-of-aging

Pages verified: 1

  • hypotheses/information-theory-of-aging.md — all 6 primary sources read end-to-end against local PDFs (Lu 2020, Ocampo 2016, Schooling 2025 downloaded during this pass)

Sources checked:

  • Horvath 2013 (10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115) — local PDF; n=7,844/82 datasets/51 tissues/MAE=3.6 yr confirmed
  • Yang 2023 (10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.027) — local PDF; ICE system C57BL6/J confirmed; epigenetic aging ~50% faster (p<0.0001); OSK reversed DNAme age by up to 57% confirmed
  • Lu 2020 (10.1038/s41586-020-2975-4) — downloaded + verified; AAV2 intravitreal OSK; TET1/TET2 required (TET3 not required); scope correctly limited to retinal/optic nerve CNS
  • Ocampo 2016 (10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.052) — downloaded + verified; LAKI G609G knockin (HGPS model); cyclic OSKM (c-Myc included, not OSK-only); 12-mo WT mice for regeneration confirmed
  • Waziry 2023 (10.1038/s43587-022-00357-y) — local PDF; n=197 (128 CR, 69 AL); DunedinPACE 24-mo d=−0.25 (CI −0.41 to −0.09, p<0.003); PhenoAge and GrimAge NS — all confirmed
  • Schooling 2025 (10.1186/s40246-025-00852-4) — downloaded + verified; MR null for all 4 clocks on lifespan and survival in both sexes confirmed

Corrections made (5):

  • Ocampo 2016 model: “Hutchinson-Gilford progeria mouse model” → “LAKI mouse (G609G knockin in Lmna, HGPS model)”; 12-month-old WT mice specified for regeneration arm
  • Ocampo 2016 footnote: added OSKM vs OSK distinction (c-Myc included in Ocampo system)
  • Yang 2023 footnote: added C57BL6/J strain, induction age (4-6 mo), quantitative outcomes (50% faster aging rate, 57% reversal of DNAme age)
  • Lu 2020 TET claim: reworded to specify TET1 and TET2 required (TET3 not required); knockdown of either abrogated both axon regeneration and RGC survival
  • Archive-status annotations: Lu 2020, Ocampo 2016, Schooling 2025 updated from “pending” to “local PDF available (downloaded 2026-05-04)”
  • Auto-extraction banner removed; verified flag flipped to true

Confirmed accurate (no correction needed):

  • Waziry 2023: ~11.9% achieved CR, d=-0.25, p<0.003, PhenoAge + GrimAge NS exact; “~2.5 yr slowing” correctly absent from page
  • Single-lab dominance (Sinclair group) explicitly flagged — accurate and honest
  • No long-term lifespan data in normally aged mice correctly flagged
  • Teratoma risk correctly attributed to full OSKM not OSK
  • Clock-divergence (DunedinPACE vs PhenoAge/GrimAge in CALERIE) correctly identified as substantive complication
  • Schooling 2025 “largely null” qualifier accurate (one borderline MR-Egger result coincident with pleiotropy flag)
  • Immaturity caveats honest and prominent throughout

Downstream pages for main agent to propagate:

  • studies/yang-2023-epigenetic-information-loss — stub; seed with C57BL6/J, ICE induction age, 50%/57% outcomes
  • studies/lu-2020-osk-vision-restoration — stub; seed with TET1/TET2 specificity, crush/glaucoma scope, AAV2 intravitreal
  • studies/ocampo-2016-partial-reprogramming — stub; seed with LAKI G609G model, OSKM (not OSK)
  • studies/schooling-2025-mr-epigenetic-clock-lifespan — stub; seed with sample sizes and null result detail

[2026-05-04] round-9 summary

Round 9 (Hypotheses & frameworks) — 5 new hypothesis pages drafted + verified following new SOP.

New SOP added: sops/writing-hypothesis-pages.md — defines synthesis-MOC discipline for type: hypothesis pages. Two treatment modes:

  • Mode A (evidence-aggregating): for hypotheses with specific testable predictions; aggregate evidence from verified atomic pages via wikilinks; never restate primary findings
  • Mode B (conceptual frame): lighter format for hypotheses that organize aging biology rather than make sharp predictions

CLAUDE.md updated to reference SOP and extend type: hypothesis schema with treatment-mode field.

Pages seeded + verified:

  • free-radical-theory-of-aging (Mode A, status: superseded) — Harman 1956. Corrections: Schriner 2005 mCAT extension 5 mo median (NOT 4-5); strain C57BL/6J; Bjelakovic 2007 trial count 68 (NOT 67), n=232,606. Status “superseded” well-supported by ITP null + Bjelakovic + NMR paradox + SRT1720 null.
  • hyperfunction-theory (Mode A, status: active) — Blagosklonny 2006. Most empirically supported aging hypothesis on the wiki; 13 verified atomic pages cited. Corrections: Willcox 2008 cohort is Japanese-American HHP/HAAS Honolulu (NOT Okinawan); S6K1 +9% qualified due to GenAge ID 72508 conflict (19% vs 9%) and Selman 2009 not_oa. Blagosklonny founding-paper DOIs resolved (10.4161/cc.5.18.3288 for 2006; 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.01.004 for 2007).
  • information-theory-of-aging (Mode A, status: active but immature) — Sinclair/Yang 2013. Single-lab dominance (Sinclair group) honestly flagged. Corrections: Ocampo 2016 model is LAKI G609G knockin (NOT generic HGPS); uses OSKM (NOT OSK); Lu 2020 specifically requires TET1+TET2 (NOT TET3); Yang 2023 ICE strain C57BL6/J + 50% accelerated aging + OSK reverses 57% DNAme age. Waziry 2023 PhenoAge+GrimAge null correctly stated as challenging “biological age” universality.
  • disposable-soma-theory (Mode B, status: active-frame) — Kirkwood 1977. NMR queen paradox (breeders ~5-10× LOWER hazard per Ruby 2018) honestly featured as sharpest empirical challenge. Correction: “caste” → “breeding status” terminology (Ruby 2018 uses “breeding status”; “caste” includes worker/soldier roles not in dataset).
  • negligible-senescence (Mode A, status: contested) — Finch 1990. Ruby 2018+2023 vs Dammann 2019 + del Marmol 2021 dispute properly framed. CRITICAL author correction: “Takasugi 2021” → “del Marmol et al. 2021” (DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-86967-9 has no author named Takasugi — first author is Delphine del Marmol). Propagation needed to heterocephalus-glaber.md. Dammann 2019 + Ruby 2019 response both downloaded + verified.

Coverage delta: Rounds 5-9 + follow-ups = 69 new pages drafted + verified in this session. Round 9 closes the major hypothesis-and-framework cluster. Wiki now has synthesis-MOC pages tying empirical findings to testable claims about aging biology — useful for “troubleshooting human aging” queries.

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